Background and Objectives: The risk from established blood‐borne infections is not eliminated, and newly emergent pathogens in the era of mass international travel and climate change are posing a continuous threat to blood safety. This is an overview of risk assessment methodologies, frameworks used in response to threats posed by transfusion‐transmitted emerging infectious diseases (TT EIDs), and approaches and tools developed by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) aiming to provide EU Member States and the EU Commission with the best advice available concerning infectious risks of donations and human use of substances of human origin (SoHO). Materials and Methods: Comprehensive literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Medline and EMBASE for articles published in English. In addition, the EU Commission's reports and ECDC's technical documents were used to retrieve relevant data. Results: The risk assessment is a part of the risk management process that comprises preparatory activities, risk analysis and risk evaluation. International efforts have been taken to identify, prioritize and develop fact sheets, toolkits and frameworks for assessing the threat of emerging infections and their impact on blood safety and availability. ECDC developed a European Up‐Front Risk Assessment Tool to allow member states to assess the risk of TT EDIs. ECDC's interactive maps inform the competent authorities for blood about areas with ongoing transmission of West Nile virus to humans to support their implementation of screening and blood safety legislation. ECDC has identified and prioritized eleven arthropod‐borne diseases that may pose a threat to the safety of SoHO. A priority list was the basis for developing a comprehensive, review‐based risk assessment and defining preventive interventions of their transmission through SoHO. Conclusion: Risk assessment determines the necessity, urgency and magnitude of response to threats posed by TT EIDs. In order to timely assess the risk, it is important to be vigilant and to identify the infectious threat to the blood safety as soon as possible. The manner in which the risk assessment is applied is dependent on uncertainties manifested by EID, a specific context of blood transfusion practice and a framework within which the risk is managed.

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   |texte=   Assessing the risk of transfusion‐transmitted emerging infections
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